Evaluación de la Integridad Ecológica de los Ecosistemas Acuáticos mediante Macroinvertebrados Bentónicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21301689Palabras clave:
Macroinvertebrados bentónicos, Biomonitoreo, Integridad ecológica, Ecosistemas acuáticos, BioindicadoresResumen
Los ecosistemas acuáticos desempeñan funciones ecológicas esenciales; sin embargo, han experimentado una creciente degradación debido a las actividades humanas, lo que hace indispensable el desarrollo de herramientas eficientes para el monitoreo ambiental. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el uso de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos en la evaluación de la integridad ecológica de los ecosistemas acuáticos, destacando sus fundamentos ecológicos, las principales metodologías de biomonitoreo, sus aplicaciones y desafíos. La investigación se caracteriza como una revisión bibliográfica con enfoque cualitativo, desarrollada a partir de publicaciones científicas indexadas en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO y Google Scholar. Los resultados evidencian que los macroinvertebrados bentónicos presentan alta sensibilidad a las alteraciones ambientales, reflejando los efectos acumulativos de la contaminación orgánica, la contaminación química, la degradación del hábitat, los cambios en el uso del suelo y el cambio climático. Asimismo, se observaron importantes avances en las metodologías de biomonitoreo, destacándose los índices bióticos, los índices multimétricos, los grupos funcionales de alimentación y las herramientas moleculares, como el DNA Barcoding y el DNA Metabarcoding. Se concluye que los macroinvertebrados bentónicos constituyen bioindicadores confiables de la integridad ecológica, proporcionando información esencial para los programas de monitoreo ambiental, la conservación de la biodiversidad, la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos y la formulación de políticas públicas orientadas a la protección y restauración de los ecosistemas acuáticos.
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